A Pew Research Center study evaluates three methods for removing bogus respondents from online opt-in polls—trap questions, automated prescreening, and voter file matching—finding that while all modestly improve data quality, none provides a reliable solution and all slightly increase overestimation of Democratic support in the 2024 election.
epoll and kqueue are kernel APIs that enable efficient I/O multiplexing by registering interest in file descriptors once rather than repeatedly polling them, making high-concurrency servers feasible by reducing CPU overhead from O(n) scanning to O(activity).
A Pew Research Center study evaluates three methods for identifying fraudulent respondents in online opt-in polls—trap questions, automated prescreening, and voter file matching—finding that while these approaches modestly improve data quality, none provides a reliable solution. All three methods slightly increased overestimation of Democratic support in 2024, primarily because bogus respondents tend to claim they voted for the winning candidate.