Boko Haram factions ISWAP and JAS have systematically used AI chatbots from OpenAI, Anthropic, Google, Meta, and DeepSeek to build bombs, plan attacks, and solve combat problems, according to University of Cambridge research based on interviews with 27 former members. The groups established dedicated AI units with specialized operatives who received formal training on circumventing safety controls, with bomb-makers frequently consulting chatbots during explosive device assembly.