A cryptographic study demonstrates that permutation-based model confidentiality in hybrid fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) systems can be broken with a small number of queries. The researchers show that d+1 queries suffice to recover permutation-invariant summaries of linear layers and successfully extract all layers from ResNet-20 and ImageNet-scale models, revealing that shuffling and differential privacy protections are insufficient under correctness constraints.
Auburn University lecturer Eric Harshbarger designed mathematically fair "Go First Dice" that eliminate ties when determining turn order in games. The five 60-sided dice, now displayed as wooden sculptures at Auburn's new STEM complex, ensure equal probability for any player ordering through a principle called permutation fairness.