A research paper analyzing sandwich attacks on protected order flow across six blockchain networks found that users believed to be protected still face front-running risks, with Solana experiencing 28 million attacks and Ethereum 30,607 attacks over three years. The study reveals vulnerabilities in privacy mechanisms across Ethereum, Solana, Tron, Base, and Arbitrum, suggesting that comprehensive protection requires encryption and privacy measures at every layer.
Jupiter Exchange conducted a three-year study analyzing sandwich attacks across multiple blockchain networks, finding that Jupiter Ultra users on Solana experienced significantly fewer sandwich attacks compared to users on other major trading platforms. The research examined protected order flow across Ethereum, Solana, Tron, Base, Arbitrum, and Monad, revealing varying vulnerabilities and exposure points on each chain.