# "smart contract" (exploit OR hacked OR drained) — X 热门讨论 (2026-09-17 11:10 UTC)
## @0xchainink (Chain INK) · 09-17 09:49 · ♥52 ↻12 💬13 $PEAQ : Review 📜
What if a factory robot could finance itself, insure itself on its own performance record, and rent out its idle hours without a human ever filing the paperwork?
Meet peaq, the Layer 1 built so machines can hold identities, wallets, and reputations of their own.
Its Doosan Robotics Physical AI partnership just put a top-five industrial cobot maker's hardware onto the network, and Economics 2.0 now requires every one of its 3.3 million machines to bond tokens to operate.
Let's explore the month peaq turned a device count into an economy. 👇
⚪ peaq at a Glance
Marketplace Insight: peaq occupies genuinely differentiated ground, building identity and payment primitives for machines rather than competing for general blockspace, with founders who co-wrote European mobility standards alongside Bosch, Continental, and Airbus. September changed what can be verified about it.
Economics 2.0 requires every machine to bond PEAQ to operate, which converts a device count that was previously a marketing claim into an on-chain number anyone can audit, and the Doosan partnership puts a top-five industrial robot manufacturer's hardware on the network rather than another crypto-native integration.
The clean contrast is that the mechanism is now real and the scale is still the question: most machines sit on a Basic tier bonding twenty cents each, so three million of them locks up less than a million dollars.
⚪ Mission
peaq exists to make machines economic actors rather than corporate assets. The argument is that the value robots, sensors, and vehicles generate currently accrues to whoever owns the database, not to whoever owns the hardware, and that changing this requires giving machines the same primitives people have: verifiable identity, a wallet, portable reputation, and the ability to settle payments.
The Economy of Things is the stated destination, where an autonomous vehicle pays a charging station directly and a robot earns during hours its owner is not using it.
🔵 A Brief History
peaq traces to 2017, when Till Wendler, Leonard Dorlöchter, and Max Thake founded EoT Labs to build enterprise IoT solutions and concluded that existing infrastructure could not support what they wanted to do. That work led to peaq itself, incorporated around 2020 as a dedicated Layer 1 for decentralized physical infrastructure.
The credential that distinguishes them came from outside crypto. Through Gaia-X moveID, a European initiative for decentralized mobility and IoT standards, the team co-developed decentralized identity and data-sharing standards alongside Bosch, Denso, Continental, Airbus, and the German Aerospace Center. That is industrial standards work with the companies that actually manufacture the machines, and very few blockchain teams have anything comparable.
Funding arrived in 2024. A $15 million round in March drew Generative Ventures, Borderless Capital, and Animoca Brands, followed in May by a CoinList token sale that raised $20 million after 14,500 participants contributed $36 million, oversubscribed by $16 million which was refunded. It was the largest CoinList raise by both funds and participation at the time. Mainnet launched on 12 November 2024.
September 2026 was the most consequential month in the network's history. Economics 2.0 Phase 1 went live on the seventh, fundamentally changing how machines join: rather than paying a fee, every machine now bonds PEAQ priced in dollars through an oracle, with those tokens leaving circulating supply for as long as the machine operates, and 50% of any remaining bond burned when it exits.
All 3.3 million machines on the network began migrating, roughly a million targeted in the first week. PEAQ listed on Solana via Sunrise the following day through a Wormhole-powered gateway, with Solana-homed machines going live on the sixteenth.
Then on the seventeenth came Doosan Robotics, a top-five collaborative robot manufacturer with deployments across 45 countries, putting peaqOS Pro onto its cobots so machines can be financed and insured against their own verified performance records and monetize idle capacity.
The first Doosan A0509 is already live, bonded at roughly 1,688 PEAQ. Doosan's Head of Europe framed the problem plainly: customers buy a robot for peak hours and pay for it during idle ones.
The preceding weeks had built the technical groundwork, with World ID integration letting robots verify they serve a real human without learning who, native P-256 signatures letting machines prove actions came from their own secure hardware, an Allora integration letting machines both consume and produce decentralized forecasts, and Korean public data made queryable without a human account.
🔵 Ecosystem Narrative
The organizing idea is that machines need the same economic primitives people have, and everything is built to supply them.
➛ peaqID and machine identity. Every device receives a multi-chain self-sovereign identity, letting machines identify each other, verify data provenance, and establish trust without a central server, which is the foundational primitive the rest depends on.
➛ Economics 2.0 and machine bonds. Every machine bonds PEAQ to activate, priced in dollars via oracle, removing those tokens from circulating supply while the machine operates and burning half the remaining bond on exit. It makes the device count economically verifiable rather than self-reported, tracked publicly through a live Machine Explorer.
➛ Physical AI through Doosan. A top-five collaborative robot maker operating in 45 countries running peaqOS Pro on its cobots, so a robot can be financed and insured on its own verified performance history and earn during idle hours without exposing raw sensor data, with fleet financing pilots on the roadmap.
➛ Machine-native primitives. World ID letting robots confirm they serve a real person without identifying them, native P-256 signatures proving an action came from a machine's own secure hardware, and Allora integration letting machines both consume and produce forecasts under a single identity.
➛ Industrial standards heritage. Gaia-X moveID work with Bosch, Denso, Continental, Airbus, and the German Aerospace Center, giving peaq a foothold in European mobility standards rather than only in crypto.
➛ Ecosystem breadth and multichain reach. Over 60 DePINs across 22 industries spanning EV charging, environmental sensing, sharing economy, and robotics, with PEAQ now live on Solana through a Wormhole-powered gateway and machine NFTs bridging via LayerZero V2.
⚪ Token Utilities
$PEAQ is the coordination asset for machine participation on the network.
➛ Machine bonds: every machine bonds PEAQ to activate under Economics 2.0, held out of circulating supply while operating, with 50% of the remaining bond burned on exit.
➛ Gas and transactions: pays for network operations, machine-to-machine settlement, and smart contract execution.
➛ Staking and network security: secures the network under a dual-consensus model, with Trust Validator staking receiving 30% of new issuance.
➛ Governance: holders vote on protocol direction and treasury use.
⚪ Key Features
➛ peaqID self-sovereign identity for machines, verifiable across chains.
➛ Economics 2.0 tying token demand directly to hardware activation, with a live public Machine Explorer.
➛ Modular DePIN functions deployable in roughly fifteen lines of code.
➛ Native P-256 signatures letting machines prove actions came from their own hardware.
➛ Substrate-based architecture with both EVM and WASM smart contract support.
➛ Unusually granular public reporting of treasury movements and supply definitions.
🔵 Meet the Team
peaq's founders have a genuinely unusual profile for crypto, having worked inside European industrial standards processes rather than only within the blockchain sector.
▶️ Core Members:
➛ Till Wendler [ @WendlerTill ] - Co-Founder | Co-founded EoT Labs in 2017 building enterprise IoT solutions before establishing peaq, and contributed to the Gaia-X moveID standards work alongside major European manufacturers.
➛ Leonard Dorlöchter [ @dorloechter ] - Co-Founder | Active in blockchain since 2015 and a member of the Sigma Squared Society, focused on decentralization and self-sovereignty, and one of the architects of the machine identity approach that defines the network.
➛ Max Thake [ @MaxThake ] - Co-Founder | A writer and entrepreneur whose contribution has been translating a genuinely complex technical thesis into something hardware companies and the wider market can understand, which for a project selling to manufacturers rather than traders is load-bearing.
➛ EoT Labs and the peaq Foundation | The load-bearing entities. EoT Labs develops the protocol and the SDK, while the Foundation manages treasury and ecosystem funding, publishing pool consolidations and individual transfers at a level of detail most foundations avoid entirely.
🔵 Ratings
➛ Use Case: ★★★★⯪ (4.5/5). peaq leads machine identity and payment infrastructure, and September proved it. Economics 2.0 forces all 3.3 million machines to bond PEAQ to operate, turning a self-reported device count into an auditable on-chain figure. Doosan Robotics, a top-five cobot maker in 45 countries, now runs peaqOS Pro on its hardware. Over 60 DePINs build across 22 industries, and the Gaia-X heritage with Bosch and Airbus gives peaq a foothold inside European industry no rival holds. The 0.5-point deduction is scale: Doosan is one live unit with fleet pilots ahead, and fee revenue stays minimal.
➛ Tokenomics: ★★★★ (4/5). Economics 2.0 shipped this month rather than staying a roadmap item. Machines bond PEAQ to operate, priced via oracle, so tokens leave circulating supply while hardware runs, with half the remaining bond burned on exit. Issuance splits across validator staking, a Machine Pool, treasury, and activation rather than flowing to sellers. That ties demand to real hardware adoption, and the Machine Explorer publishes every bond and burn live. Transparency is exceptional: no wallets excluded from circulating supply, individual treasury transfers published. The 1-point deduction is magnitude against overhang, since most machines bond roughly twenty cents each while insiders hold over 42% and unlocks run to July 2028.
➛ Audits: ★★★★⯪ (4.5/5). peaq holds a verified CertiK Skynet Score of 92.69, grade AA, with thirteen passed checks, the strongest score in this review series. It rests on Substrate, a mature framework that removes most novel-architecture risk, and a network live since November 2024 with no protocol exploit. The engineering discipline shows elsewhere too, in native P-256 hardware signatures and the staged Economics 2.0 rollout. The 0.5-point deduction is that dual consensus, EVM and WASM surfaces, LayerZero bridging, and contracts only weeks old in production all add fresh complexity.
➛ Community: ★★★★ (4/5). peaq's standing with builders outruns its market cap. Over 60 DePINs across 22 industries deploy here, and the project co-hosts a challenge at robo.innovate, Europe's largest robotics hackathon, beside NVIDIA and Universal Robots. Integrations with Unitree, Allora, World Network, and Doosan landed in a single month, which is what a team the hardware sector actually works with looks like. The 1-point deduction is retail: the token sits well below 2025 levels on roughly $3.65 million daily volume, with the DePIN narrative broadly cooled.
🔵 Conclusion
peaq is building something genuinely novel with credentials that are hard to dismiss. Machine identity as a base-layer primitive, an SDK that lets hardware teams deploy DePIN functions in minutes rather than months, and founders who co-wrote European mobility standards alongside Bosch, Continental, Airbus, and the German Aerospace Center.
September delivered the two things the project most needed: Economics 2.0, which requires every machine to bond tokens and therefore makes the device count auditable rather than asserted, and Doosan Robotics, a top-five industrial cobot maker putting real hardware on the network with financing pilots to follow.
The bull case rests on something real and newly measurable. If machines genuinely do become economic actors, they will need identity, wallets, and settlement, and peaq has spent nine years building exactly that while sitting inside the standards bodies where European industry decides how connected machines will work.
peaq built the rails for a machine economy. As of this month, every machine on them has to put money down to use them. https://x.com/0xchainink/status/2100522485934633412