Accuracy
To validate the simulation, a foam ball was drop-kicked and its flight recorded on video. Its position was then tracked frame by frame. The graph compares the measured trajectory with two predictions from the same launch conditions: the PMADS simulation, which models aerodynamic drag, and an ideal kinematic model, which ignores air resistance.
The results show how large the effect of drag is and how well PMADS accounts for it. Across 39 matched points, the PMADS trajectory has a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.21 m against the measured data, compared with 1.34 m for the ideal model. The ideal model overestimates the range by roughly 3.5 m; PMADS lands within about 0.3 m of the measured range. This remaining deviation is likely due to fluid-dynamic effects the model does not capture, such as spin or airflow around the ball, and to assumptions about the ball's drag coefficient.
PMADS is intended for education, exploration, and hobby use. While it closely reproduces real-world behavior, it has not been certified or independently validated, and it should not be relied upon for professional, research, engineering, or other institutional purposes.