Components wired end-to-end in a single loop. The same current flows through every component — like water through one pipe.
One path — current flows through A, then B, then C
Resistors
Rtotal = RA + RB + RC + …
Resistance adds up. Voltage divides across each one.
Batteries
Vtotal = VA + VB + VC
Voltages stack. Capacity stays equal to the smallest cell.
Solar Panels
Vtotal = VA + VB + VC
Voltages add up. Current limited by the weakest panel.
Components bridged across the same two points. The same voltage is applied to every component — like lanes on a highway.
Multiple paths — current splits across A, B, and C
Resistors
1/Rtotal = 1/RA + 1/RB + 1/RC
Resistance drops. More paths = easier flow.
Batteries
Ahtotal = AhA + AhB + AhC
Capacity adds up. Voltage stays the same.
Solar Panels
Itotal = IA + IB + IC
Currents combine. Voltage stays the same.